From: sciguy@vex.net (Paul E. J. King)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.food-science,sci.answers,news.answers
Subject: [sci.bio.food-science] Welcome - Read this First! (FAQ 1/3)
Followup-To: sci.bio.food-science
Organization: none
Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu
Summary: Answers to legal, science, health, and industry questions 
         concerning food science. Also has a list of abbreviations of 
         significance to food science. Persons wishing to post to 
         sci.bio.food-science are advised to read this FAQ first.

Archive-Name: sci/food-science-faq/part1

Posting-Frequency: biweekly
Last-modified: 2010/07/01

FAQ - SCI.BIO.FOOD.SCIENCE Frequently-Asked Questions (1 of 3)

My name and email address is:

   Paul King, Educator, Faq Maintainer, 

I share credit for this FAQ with Rachel Zemser and Ralph Blanchfield;
although over the years I have assumed, de facto, sole maintenance of
this FAQ. Please send any comments and suggestions my way, and I will
try to deal with it in a timely manner.

For a glossary of scientific, marketing, industry, technical and legal
terms of relevance to food science, see FAQ 2 of 3. For a list of common
questions and answers about food and food science, see FAQ 3 of 3.

 - Paul King

FAQ  1/3- SCI.BIO.FOOD-SCIENCE Frequently-Asked Questions
*****************************************************************************
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


INTRODUCTION

The original versions of this FAQ up until about 2004 been brought to you
by:

Rachel Zemser, creator of the newsgroup sci.bio.food-science.

J Ralph Blanchfield,
    Food Science, Food Technology & Food  Law Consultant, Chair, IFST
    Member Relations & Services Committee and Web Editor, IFST Web on
    the WWW

Paul King, Creator and Maintainer of the List of Common
    Abbreviations (sciguy@vex.net)

    This document has been created to answer questions about Food
Science and the newsgroup sci.bio.food-science. This  document
contains five Parts, formatted in three Files.

FILE 1/3
         I.   Guidelines for posting in sci.bio.food-science
         II.  A list of Food Science related Web Sites
         III. A list of common abbreviations

FILE 2/3
         IV.  Food  Science Definitions and Interpretations that have
              been prepared by a joint working  group of the Institute
              of Food Science and Technology (IFST) and the UK Association
              of Public Analysts (APA)

FILE 3/3
         V.  Frequently  Asked  Questions About Food Science and Technology
             that  have  been prepared by the Institute of Food Science &
             Technology (IFST), the professional qualifying body for food
             scientists and technologists; a UK-based body with
             international interests.
             

I. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR POSTING IN SCI.BIO.FOOD-SCIENCE

     The goals of this newsgroup are:

     1. To discuss topics and issues related to food chemistry,
food microbiology, food engineering/processing, food biotechnology,
dairy science, agriculture, fermentation, nutrition, toxicology,
agribusiness, sensory science, and food safety.

     2. To share experimental methods and improved teaching
techniques.

     3. To announce job vacancies for food science and technology
professionals in all relevant fields.

     4. To provide an opportunity for food science and technology
professionals to post resumes of up to 500 words.

     5. To make available, and answer questions about, abstracts
of papers for publication or presentations.

     6. To announce professional meetings, conferences, courses,
events, etc.,  world wide

     7. To discuss general areas of interest inside food science
and technology.

     8.  Postings are welcome from food science and technology
professionals, as well as from any others seeking advice or
information on  these subjects. No posting may offer for sale or hire,
or request payment for, goods, services or information

     Please make sure that your post is related to the above goals
of  the newsgroup. There are lots of other food related newsgroups and
some of them may be better for your post. Some of these groups are:

    sci.med.nutrition,      rec.food.preserving,      rec.food.cooking,
    rec.food.recipes,       alt.food.wine,            alt.food.fat-free,
    rec.food-veg,           rec.food.veg.cooking,     alt.support.diet

II. A LIST OF FOOD SCIENCE RELATED WEB SITES

         The following is a list of food science related web sites. Some
    of these may be of interest to food scientists reading this group.

         This list has been created in an effort to bring food scientists
    closer together on the internet. If you find a site that is not
    mentioned in this list please email Paul King at
     or Ralph Blanchfield at
    

1.ACADEMIC SITES -

         There are many food science/edu web pages. This list does not
    include every one. However, from these sites, one can link to many
    more food science/academic related sites. This list will be updated
    on a regular basis. Though the list is alphebetized, the words
    'University' or 'University of' will be ignored in the
    alphabetisation.

         In addition, the web sites are sorted by country, as far as 1)
    the available information, and 2) the country code of the web site
    will allow. This is in light of the fact that the number of websites
    suggested by our subscribers have grown considerably over the past
    while, and some logical ordering is necessary. If your mailer, news
    reader or text viewer can do a case-sensitive string search, you will
    find that the spellings of the countries are capitalised.

                               AUSTRAILIA
Queensland University: http://www.uq.edu.au/lafs/
University of Ballarat: http://bit.ly/bOZkGe

                                 AUSTRIA
Graz Univ of Technology, Div of Fd Chem: http://bit.ly/9ELY8t

                                 CANADA
Acadia University: http://ace.acadiau.ca/science/NUTR/Home.htm
University of Alberta: http://www.afns.ualberta.ca/
University of British Colombia: http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/
Dalhousie University Food Sci and Tech: http://foodscience.engineering.dal.ca
University of Guelph: http://www.foodscience.uoguelph.ca/home/
University of Manitoba: http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/afs/
McGill University: http://www.mcgill.ca/foodscience/
Memorial University (MUN) Aquaculture program: http://tinyurl.com/yuaguu
University of Saskatchewan: http://agbio.usask.ca/

                                 DENMARK
University of Copenhagen: http://www.life.ku.dk/english.aspx

                                 FINLAND
University of Helsinki: http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/vfs/

                                 GERMANY
University of Karlruhe: http://www.iab.kit.edu/
Technical University of Munich: http://bit.ly/b7WoNl

                                 GREECE
Agricultural University of Athens: http://www.aua.gr/gr/dep/tex/

                                 IRELAND
University College: http://www.ucd.ie/agfoodvet/

                                  ITALY
Bologna University: http://www.foodsci.unibo.it/
University of Milan: http://www.agraria.unimi.it/english.htm

                        THE NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND)
Wageningen University: http://www.food-info.net/wageningen.htm

                              NEW ZEALAND
University of Auckland: http://www.che.auckland.ac.nz/Food/
Lincoln University: http://bit.ly/9RuoQK
Massey University: http://food.massey.ac.nz/
University of New South Wales: http://bit.ly/9c2KrH
University of Otago: http://www.otago.ac.nz/foodscience/

                              NORTHERN IRELAND
Queen's University: http://bit.ly/bJqIGH

                                   SPAIN
University of Lleida: http://www.etsea.udl.es/eng/
Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology: http://www.iata.csic.es/

                                   SWEDEN
Lund University (Food Engineering): http://www.food.lth.se/english
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: http://www.lmv.slu.se/

                                 SWITZERLAND
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology: http://www.ilw.agrl.ethz.ch/

                               UNITED KINGDOM
University of Huddersfield: http://bit.ly/9hKXU3
University of Leeds: http://www.food.leeds.ac.uk/default.htm
Manchester Metropolitan University: http://tinyurl.com/2x2uf4
University of Nottingham: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/foodsci/
University of Reading: http://www.fst.rdg.ac.uk/
University of Strathclyde: http://bit.ly/bVgxO0
University of Surrey: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/SBMS/nutrition/

                              UNITED STATES
Arizona University: http://cals.arizona.edu/main/
Brigham Young University: http://ndfs.byu.edu/
California Polytechnical University: http://foods.calpoly.edu/
Clemson University: http://www.clemson.edu/foodscience/
University of California at Davis: http://www-foodsci.ucdavis.edu
University of Colorado: http://tinyurl.com/3bwvw8
Cornell University: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/cifs/
University of Delaware: http://ag.udel.edu/anfs/
University of Florida: http://fshn.ifas.ufl.edu/
University of Georgia: http://www.caes.uga.edu/
University of Idaho: http://www.ag.uidaho.edu/fst/
University of Illinois: http://www.fshn.uiuc.edu/
Kansas State University: http://foodsci.k-state.edu/
University of Kentucky: http://tinyurl.com/2y25te
Louisiana State University: http://www.agctr.lsu.edu/foodscience/
University of Maine: http://www.fsn.umaine.edu/
University of Maryland: http://www.agnr.umd.edu/
University of Massachusetts: http://www.umass.edu/foodsci/
Michigan State University: http://fshn.msu.edu/
Mississippi State University: http://www.fsnhp.msstate.edu/
University of Missouri: http://tinyurl.com/2mnjd6
University of Nebraska: http://foodsci.unl.edu/
North Dakota State University: http://tinyurl.com/22ne84
Oklahoma State Animal Sciences: http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/
Ohio State University: http://www-fst.ag.ohio-state.edu
Oregon State University: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/foodsci/
Penn State University: http://foodscience.psu.edu/
Purdue University: http://www.foodsci.purdue.edu
University of Rhode Island: http://cels.uri.edu/nfs/
Rutgers University: http://foodsci.rutgers.edu/
University of Tennessee: http://foodscience.tennessee.edu/
Texas A&M FS and Engineering:  http://ifse.tamu.edu/
University of Wisconsin: http://www2.uwrf.edu/afs-all/
Virginia Tech: http://www.fst.vt.edu/
Washington State University: http://av.fshn.wsu.edu/
Wayne State University: http://www.clas.wayne.edu/NFS/


2.GENERAL WEB SITES RELATING TO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:

        ACCESSING THIS FAQ THRU THE WEB VIA DEJANEWS.COM OR
    SUNSITE.ORG.UK: By entering the complete name of this newsgroup on
    a web search form at Google Groups ,
    you may access all past postings in this (or any) newsgroup. The
    listings of the postings will be in reverse chronological order.
    Where you see the subject line of this FAQ, follow that link, and
    the result is a copy of our FAQ, but with a differnce: All of the
    web links mentioned in FAQ 1/1 become LIVE web links. Thus, if you
    access this FAQ posting via DejaNews, all of the links mentioned below
    become live links which can be followed to academic, commercial, or
    government sites worldwide. The same is true on any other posting where
    a user may make a passing mention of a web site.

    The official place of the most up-to-date FAQ is stored at MIT:
    

    It is better than DejaNews in that the FAQ is in the three parts that
    we had intended; you need not press any icons for the next screenful
    of text; and any mentioned links are still live, meaning you can use
    their copy of our FAQ on Netscape to jump to an y site on the
    internet that we have listed. This service is provided to us via the
    University of Oxford. DejaNews can still be useful to look at past
    postings.

         This list will also be updated from time to time.

Agriculture and Agri-Food (Gov't of Canada): http://aceis.agr.ca/
American Association of Cereal Chemists: http://www.aaccnet.org/
Australian Institute of FS and Technology: http://www.aifst.asn.au/
Beer Info Source: http://www.beerinfo.com/
BUBL Food Science Links: http://bubl.ac.uk/link/f/foodscience.htm
Burnaby Cook-Chill Production Center: http//www.infinity.ca/foodinfoburnaby/
Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology: http://www.cifst.ca/
Teach Nutrition (Ontario, Canada): http://www.teachnutrition.org/
CanWine: http://canwine.blogspot.com
Center For Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov/
Center for FS and Nutrition Research: http://cati.csufresno.edu/cfsnr/
Center for Science in the Public Interest: http://www.cspinet.org
Chemistry & Industry Magazine: http://bit.ly/bxR875
Code of Federal Regulations: http://tinyurl.com/33nq5         
Codex Alimentarius: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/
Consumer Information Center: http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/food.htm
Culinary Arts and FS Career Guide: http://www.khake.com/page30.html
Dairy Science and Food Technology website: http://www.dairyscience.info
Dept. Of Ag and Rural Development (N. Ireland): http://www.afsni.ac.uk/
Ed Blonz's FS site list: http://blonz.com/
FDA: http://www.fda.gov/
FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
Federal Trade Commission (USA): http://www.ftc.gov
Food and Ag Policy Research Institute: http://tinyurl.com/ypxpv3
Food and Nutrition Information Center: http://www.nalusda.gov/fnic
Food Chemical News Homepage: http://bit.ly/cHBsfF
"Food Dude" browser (USA): http://www.fooddude.com/
Food Engineering - R. Paul Singh: http://rpaulsingh.com/
Food Law Page: http://www.foodlaw.org/
Foodnet (Canada): http://foodnet.fic.ca/
Food Navigator: http://www.foodnavigator.com/
Food Science Australia: http://www.foodscience.afisc.csiro.au/
Food Science and Technology International (Journal): http://fst.sagepub.com/
Food Science Central: http://www.ifis.org/
Food Science FAQ on HTML: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci/food-science-faq/
Food Science Jobs: http://foodscience.com/
Garden State Labs HACCP Page: http://www.gslabs.com/haccp.html
Google Groups: http://groups.google.com/
The Gopher Hole: Talking Food: http://www.internet-gopher.com/foodtalk/
IFIC Foundation: http://www.ific.org/
IFT Journal of Food Science: http://tinyurl.com/25bc4j
Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST): http://www.ifst.org/
Integrated Crop Management: http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/
International Food Data Systems Project (FAO): http://www.fao.org/infoods/
Institute of Food Research: http://www.infrn.bbsrc.ac.uk/
Institute of Food Science & Technology (IFST): http://www.ifst.org/
Institute of Food Technologists (IFT): http://www.ift.org
International Food Information Council: http://www.foodinsight.org/
Leatherhead Food Research Association: http://www.lfra.co.uk/
Maize Genome Database: http://www.maizegdb.org/
Morbidity and Mortality Reports: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
National Science Teacher's Association: http://www.nsta.org/
National Food Safety Database: http://foodsafety.ifas.ufl.edu/
National Council Against Health Fraud: http://www.ncahf.org/
New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research: http://www.crop.cri.nz/
New Zealand Institute of FS and Technology: http://www.nzifst.org.nz/
Nutrient Database: http://www.nutribase.com/
Post-Harvest Links (FS and Food Safety): http://tinyurl.com/27lyk2
Sean Doyle's Food Science Page: http://homepage.eircom.net/~foodsci/
Singapore Institute of FS&T: http://www.sifst.org.sg/
Society of Chemical Industry: http://www.soci.org/
SoyBean Site, the Illinois Soybean Association: http://www.ilsoy.org/
Soybeans: http://www.stratsoy.uiuc.edu/
World of Food Science (IFT and IUFoST): http://www.worldfoodscience.org/
Tufts University Nutrition Navigator: http://navigator.tufts.edu/
USDA Home Page: http://www.usda.gov/
USDA Food and Nutrition Information Center: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
USDA Food Composition Tables: http://bit.ly/G6u1j
USDA Nutrient Values of Foods: http://cgi.fatfree.com/usda/
USFDA HACCP Page: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/haccp.html
US National Center for Health Statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
Veggies Unite: http://www.vegweb.com
The Snack food Association: http://www.sfa.org/

3.FOOD COMPANIES

Campbell Soup Company:         
Dole 5 A Day                   
Frito-Lay                      
Gerber Baby food:              
Hershey:                       
Kellogs:                       
Mars' M&Ms Homepage            
McCormick and Co.              
Monsanto:                      
Nabisco:                       
Quaker Oats:                   
NutraSweet:                    


 * If anyone knows of any other web sites, email: Paul King at
   sciguy@vex.net

4. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATED MAILING LISTS-

         BEEF-L: A mailing list and discussion group for beef specialists
    in university, government and commercial activities.
                                        


         CANWINE: is an unmoderated mail discussion group formed to look
    at the whole spectrum of Canadian wines and the Canadian wine
    industry. To subscribe to CANWINE, send the message (no subject
    line): subscribe canwine to:    

         CHAPHALL: The Chappel-Hall Books mailing list. Chappell-Hall is
    a publishing company that publishes food science books, among others.
    Send an email with the message "subscribe chaphall-fst [your email
    address]" to: 
    example: subscribe chaphall-fst pking@idirect.com

         DNH-PILOT The Diet, Nutrition and Health project mailing list
    covers sociology, food science and technology, agricultural economics
    and psychology. Researchers in academic institutions across the
    European Union, hopefully together with industrial partners and with
    some external funding, are involved. To subscribe send email to:
                           

         FDMKTNEWS-MG Once a month you get a short summary of prices and
    availability of foods in the US. Sometimes, comments on new
    regulations, etc. Send email to: almanac@oes.orst.edu, with the
    message: subscribe fdmktmews-mg Food-for-thought ] This list is
    primarily intended as a forum for discussions on all aspects of food
    and eating across different disciplines. The list also provides a
    bulletin board for notices of meetings, employment opportunities, new
    publications etc.   

         FISH: To subscribe to the Fish Mailing List, send email to
     with one of the following
    commands in the body of the message. You may leave the subject line
    blank. To subscribe to the Fish Mailing List enter "subscribe fish"
    (excl using quotes) in the body of your email to them. For a list of
    other commands and subscription options enter: "help" in the body of
    your email. If your mailer adds a signature, then you need to include
    the word "end" at the last line of your message body . Commands in
    the Subject line are NOT processed.
    

         FOOD-COMP: This is a list dealing with food composition and data:
    Subscription (handled manually)
    
    Articles:  

         FOODENG A list for discussion and announcements on food
    engineering topics and events.
    Subscription (automatic):  
    with the body of message reading only: "SUBSCRIBE FOODENG yourname".
    Articles:  

         FOOD-FOR-THOUGHT is a forum for discussion on all aspects of
    food, and a bulletin board for relevant announcements. Send articles to:
    
    Subscription (automatic):  
    with the body of message containing only: "JOIN FOOD_FOR-THOUGH yourname"

         FOOD-LAW : to discuss latest developments in food law and
    regulatory issues and to share course outlines and curricula. The
    subscribe instructions are: "send the comand: "subscribe food-law 
    " as the only text of an e-mail message to
    
    Articles: 

         FOODSAFE This is a mailing list and discussion group for food safety
    specialists in city, county and other settings. Food safety alerts
    are posted to this list when appropriate. The subscribe instructions
    are: send the command: "subscribe foodsafe yourname youremail" as the
    body of your e-mail message to: 
    Articles (Members only): 

         FOODWINE Designed to facilitate discussion among those seriously
    interested in the academic study of food and its accompaniments in
    the 1990's. Send a subscription request to:
    

         J-FOOD-L Discussion of Japanese food, exchange of recipes.
    

         OZWINE Wines of Australia and New Zealand. To subscribe to
    OZWINE, please send the following command in the body of your email
    letter to 
    With "subscribe ozwine " being the only text of your email.

         IFT : This is intended for IFT Food Science Communicators and
    other food scientists and technologists approved by the group. Its
    purpose is to permit very rapid dialogue on fast-breaking public and
    media issues affecting the food science and technology profession.
    

         FOODSCI. This is a closed list, restricted to academic food
    science administrators (department chairs, heads, deans or
    directors). Only they may subscribe (and hence receive e-mails), but
    anyone can post to it. It is intended to enable a single notice to be
    sent to them all simultaneously.
    

         FOOD & NUTRITION SPECIALISTS: 

         NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: 

5. BOOK PUBLISHERS' WEB SITES
Aspen Publishers               
National Academy Press         


III. A LIST OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

         It is not expected that you know and use all of the abbreviations
    listed below. This list should be used as a reference in the event you
    come across abbreviations that confuse you, or can't remember.

         They include names of organisations, scientific abbreviations, and
    common chemical symbols, derived largely from the Merck Index.

         References given in braces {}. Where {Stryer} appears, refer to
    Lubert Stryer's _Biochemistry, _ 2nd Edition (Freeman). Where no
    reference appears the shorthand is suggested by the author. For
    suggestions and additions email to . For brevity all
    except the most common organic compounds are left out. Also left out are
    most of the units of measurement; both metric and Imperial.

         Also not included on this list are the generic abbreviations for
    the Internet, such as BTW, IMHO, or RTFM. You can get those in
    newsgroups of the "news.*" hierarchy, notably news.answers,
    news.announce.newusers, and for further help on these and other matters
    having strictly to do with the internet, post your queries to:
    news.newusers.questions.

         ON SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS: There has been some concern in the
    past on the matter of the transmission of superscripts and subscripts
    over the Internet. Since we are all limited to the ASCII character set,
    one cannot easily change typeface or fonts in a way that would be
    transmittable in the bodies of email messages or news messages. A case
    in point is the variable which reports the "heat effect" or
    "sterilisation effect" of a thermal process, called F. F is usually
    reported in the context of two other variables, z (the change in
    temperature needed for a tenfold increase in the amount of bacterial
    spores killed), and T (the core temperature of the can). In normal
    circumstances, we would write F with z as the superscript and T as the
    subscript. If we followed the old conventions used in this FAQ for
    reporting F, we would have to write: F^z_T, which appears illegible.
    Instead, we suggest a new convention which will make things clear for
    everyone. Report your variable with your parameters "spelled out" in
    parentheses. For example: F(z=10 degC; T=121.1 degC). Since the ASCII
    character set also has no "degree" symbol, these have to be "spelled
    out" as well. The abbreviation for "degrees Celsius" was taken from the
    list below.

    ^          Exponent (as in 6.022x10^23, i^(-1/2), e^k)
    _          Subscript (as in E_p (potential energy))
    /          Fraction  (as  in  1/2);  as below to separate abbreviations
               (as in UDP/UMP/UTP); per (as in km/h)
    ~          Approximately equal to; proportional to
    =          Equal to
    !=         Not equal to {C++ programming convention}
    ==         Equivalent {C++ programming convention}
    !==        Not equivalent
    >          Greater than
    >>         Much greater than
    <          Less than (the Pac Man always eats the larger value :-)
    <<         Much smaller than
    >=         Greater than or equal {programming convention}
    <=         Less than or equal {programming convention}
    +/-        Plus or minus (note the special use of the slash)
    ||         Parallel
    !          Factorial
    @          At (as in "500g of lettuce @ $0.45/kilogram")
    * or x     Multiplication

    A          Adenine; Adenosine; absorbance (extinction) {Merck}; The
               conjugate acid of an acid-base pair
    Ac         Acetyl; Acetic {Merck}
    AcOAc      Anhydrous Acetic Acid
    AcOH       Acetic Acid {Merck}
    AcOEt      Ethyl Acetate {Merck}
    Acetyl CoA Acetyl coenzyme A
    AcylSCoA   Acyl coenzyme A
    ACS        American Chemical Society {Merck}
    ADP        Adenosine diphosphate
    AIFST      Australian Institute of Food Science & Technology
    alc        Alcohol(ic); Ethanol; Ethyl Alcohol {Merck}
    alk        Alkali(ne)
    AMP        Adenosine Monophosphate
    amt(s)     Amount(s) {Merck}
    aq         aqueous
    ATCC       American Type Culture Collection
    atm        atmospheres; atmoshperic
    ATP        Adenosine triphosphate
    ATPase     Adenosine triphosphatase
    AW         Atomic weight
    Aw         Water activity

    B          Asparagine or aspartic acid {Stryer}; The conjugate base of
               an acid-base pair
    BBSRC      Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK)
    bp         Base pair; boiling point; boils; boils at; boiling
               at  {Merck}
    BP         British Pharmacopeia {Merck}
    BPC        British Pharmaceutical Codex {Merck}
    BOD        Biochemical oxygen demand {Merck}
    BSA        Bovine Serum Albumin
    BSE        Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
    Btu        British thermal units
    Bu         Butyl

    cal        Calorie(s)
    calc       Calculate(d) {Merck}
    cAMP       Cyclic AMP
    cc         Cubic centimeter (milliliter)
    CDP        Cytidine 5'-diphosphate
    cf         Compare (confer) {Merck}
    cGMP       Cyclic GMP
    CHO        Carbohydrate
    CI         Color Index (British) {Merck}
    Ci         Curie {Merck}
    CIFST      Canadian Institute of Food Science & Technology
    CMC        Carboxymethylcellulose {cf Merck: CM-cellulose}
    CMP        Cytidine 5'-monophosphate
    CNS        Central Nervous system
    CoA/CoASH  Coenzyme A
    Conc       Concentrated; Concentration {cf Merck: concn}
    Cp         Heat capacity, constant pressure
    CP         Chemically pure {Merck}
    cpd        Compound; critical-point drying
    CTP        Cytidine 5'-triphosphate
    Cv         Heat capacity, constant volume

    d          Density {Merck}
    d-         dextrorotatory {Merck}
    D12        12th Decimal Reduction
    deg        Degree(s)
    degC       Degrees Celcius
    degF       Degrees Fahrenheit
    degK       degrees Kelvin
    degR       degrees Roentgen
    deriv      Derivative
    DFO        Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)
    dil        Dilute(d) {Merck}
    DNA        Deoxyribonucleic acid
    DNAase     Deoxyribonuclease
    DMSO       Dimethylsulfoxide
    dp         Degree of polymerisation
    ds         Double stranded

    E          Glutamic Acid {Stryer}; Exponent (as in 6.022 x 10E23)(see
               also the entry for ^ )
    (E)-       Entgen (German for opposite) in naming cpds
    ECSAFoST   East,  Central  and  Southern  African Federation of Food
               Science & Technology
    ed         Edition {Merck}; editor
    eds        Editors {Merck}; editions
    ED         Effective dose
    EDTA       Ethylenediaminetetraacetic  acid. Also: Edathamil; Havidote;
               Edetic acid; and Versene Acid. {Merck}
    EFFST      European Federation for Food Science & Technology
    eg         For example (exempli gratia) {Merck}
    ELISA      Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    EPA        Environmental Protection Agency (of the United States)
    eq/eqn     Equation {Merck}
    equilib    Equilibrium {Merck}
    equiv      Equivalent
    Et-        Ethyl
    et al      And others (et alii) {Merck}
    EtOH       Ethanol; Ethyl Alcohol
    evap       Evaporated; evaporation {cf. Merck: evapn}
    EU         European Union (was the European Common Market)

    F          The Sterilisation Effect (see notes above on scripting)
    FAC        Food Advisory Committee (of the United Kingdom)
    FAO        Food and Agriculture Organisation (of the United Nations)
    FAQ        Frequently-asked question file (this file)
    fd         Freeze-dried; Freeze-drying
    FDA        Food and Drug Administration (of the US; also USFDA)
    FD&C       The US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act {Merck}
    ff         Pages following (as in "see page 23, ff")
    FIFSTA     Federation of Institutes of Food Science & Technology of ASEAN
    fp         Freezing Point
    FP         Flavoprotein
    FS         Food Science
    FT         Fourier Transform(ation)

    G1P        Glucose phosphate
    G3P        Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    G6P        Glucose-6-phosphate
    GABA       Gamma aminobutyric Acid
    GC         Gas chromatography/ Gas Chromatograph
    GDP        Guanosine-5'-Diphosphate
    gi         Gastrointestinal (tract)
    GlcA       Gluconic Acid {Merck}
    GMP        Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate (guanylic acid) {Merck}; Good
               Manufacturing Practice
    GTP        Guanosine-5'-Triphosphate

    HACCP      Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
    HAZOP      Hazard and Operability Studies
    Hb         Hemoglobin
    HbCO       Carbon Monoxide Haemoglobin
    HbO2       Oxyhaemoglobin
    HDL        High-density lipoprotein
    HPLC       High-Pressure (performance, power)Liquid Chromatography {Merck}
    HSA        Human Serum Albumin
    HWC        Health and Welfare Canada

    IARC       International Agency for Research on Cancer {Merck}
    ICC        Interstate Commerce Commission (USA) {Merck}
    IDP        Inosine-5'-diphosphate {Merck}
    ie         That is; that is to say (id est) {Merck}
    IEF        Isoelectric Focusing {Merck}
    IFIC       International Food Information Council
    IFSTI      Institute of Food Science & Technology of Ireland
    IFST       Institute of Food Science and Technology
    ig         Intragastric
    IMP        Inosine-5'-monophosphate {Merck}
    incl       Including {Merck}; included
    inorg      Inorganic
    insol      Insoluble
    IR         Infra-red
    ISO        Internal Organisation for Standardisation {Merck}
    ISO 9000   An extension of GMP (which see) and TQM (which see),
               expanded to an internationally recognised set of quality
               control standards through improved documentation systems.
    ITP        Inosine-5'-triphosphate {Merck}
    IU         International Unit
    IUC        International Union of Chemistry {Merck}
    IUFoST     International Union of Food Science & Technology
    IUPAC      International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
    iv         Intravenous

    J          Joule(s)

    l-         levorotatory
    LC         Lethal Concentration {Merck}
    LC50       LC for 50% of animals tested
    LD         Lethal Dose {Merck}
    LD50       LD for 50% of animals tested
    LDL        Low-Density lipoproteins
    log        Common logarithm (Base 10)
    logn       Base n logarithm, where n is a base number (as in log2)
    loi        Limit of impurities {Merck}
    ln         Natural logarithm
    LPS        Lipopolysaccharide

    MAC        Maximum  allowable  Concentration {Merck}
    MAFF       Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (of the UK)
    max        Maximum; maxima {Merck}
    Mb         Myoglobin
    MbO2       Oxymyoglobin {Merck}
    MCA        Manufacturing Chemists Association (USA)
    mcg        Microgram
    mCi        Millicurie
    Me/Met     Methyl
    MetOH/MeOH Methanol; methyl alcohol
    mfg/mfr    Manufacture; manufacturing {Merck}
    min        Minimum; minutes
    MLD        Minimum lethal dose
    MO         Microorganism; Molecular Orbital
    MOA        Ministry of Agriculture (Canada)
    MOEE       Ministry of Environment and Energy (Canada)
    mp         Melting point
    ms-        Meso (internally compensated) {Merck}
    MS         Mass spectrometry
    mw         Molecular weight

    n          The Omega carbon (as in n-6 for "omega-6"); Avogandro's
               number; number of moles (as in PV=nRT).
    NAD+/NADH  Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
    NADP/NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
    NBS        National Bureau of Standards (USA)
    NCAHF      National Council Against Health Fraud (USA)
    NCTC       National Collection of Type Cultures (USA)
    NDP/NMP/NTP N-5'-mono/di/triphosphate, where N is any nucleoside
    ng         Nanogram
    NIOSH      National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health {Merck}
    nm         Nanometers
    NMR        Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
    NRDC       National Research Development Corporation (USA) {Merck}
    NSAID      Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs {Merck}
    NSC        National Service Center (USA) {Merck}
    NSERC      National Science and Engineering Research Council (Canada) 
    NSF        National Science Foundation (USA)
    NZIFST     New Zealand Institute of Food Science & Technology

    o-         Ortho
    O          Oxygen; denoting attachment to an oxygen atom {Merck}
    OAA        Oxaloacetate
    OD         Optical density
    OSHA       Occupational Health and Safety Act (USA) {Merck}
    OsM        Osmolar

    p-         Para
    Pa         Pascal
    PABA       Para-Aminobenzoic Acid
    PAGE       Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    pH         The negative base-10 log of the H+ concentration
    pK         The  negative base-10 logarithm of the equilibrium constant,
               K, for the reaction in question.
    ppb        Parts per billion
    ppm        Parts per million
    ppt        Precipitate(d)
    Pr         n-Propyl

    Q          Glutamine {Stryer}; Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
    QA         Quality Assurance
    QC         Quality Control
    qv         which see (quod vide) {Merck}

    R          Arginine {Stryer}; Universal gas constant; alkyl group {Merck}
    (R)-       Rectus (Right) (naming groups around a central carbon) {Merck}
    RIST       Radioimmunosorbent test {Merck}
    RNA        Ribonucleic acid
    hnRNA      Heterogenous nuclear RNA
    mRNA       Messenger RNA
    nRNA       Nuclear RNA
    rRNA       Ribosomal RNA
    snRNA      Small Nuclear RNA
    tRNA       Transfer (soluble) RNA
    RNase      Ribonuclease
    RNI        Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians
    RTECS      Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

    s-         symmetrical
    S          Serine {Stryer}; Sulfur; denoting attachment to S
    (S)-       Sinister (left) (Opposite of R) {Merck}
    sc         Subcutaneous
    SDS        Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
    sec        Seconds
    sec-       Secondary; attachment to secondary carbon
    sg/sp gr   Specific gravity
    SI         International System of Units
    sol        Soluble; solubility
    ss         Single stranded
    STP        Standard Temperature and Pressure
    sym-       Symmetrical

    T          Threonine {Stryer}; Temperature
    T(1/2)     Half-life
    TDP/TMP/TTP Thymidine di/mono/triphosphate {Merck}
    TDT        Thermal death time (for MO's (which see))
    temp       Temperature
    tert-      Tertiary; denoting attachment to tertiary carbon
    Tris       tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
    TQM        Total-Quality Management

    UDP/UMP/UTP Uridine di/mono/triphosphate
    UKFFoST    UK Federation for Food Science and Technology
    USD        United States Dispensatory {Merck}
    USDA       United States Department of Agriculture {Merck}
    USFDA      The United States Food and Drug Administration (also FDA)
    USP        United States Pharmacopeia {Merck}
    uv         Ultraviolet

    v          Volume; volt(s)
    VLDL       Very Low-Density Lipoproteins
    vol        Volume
    vs         Versus
    v/v        % Volume in volume {Merck}

    WHO        World Health Organisation (United Nations)
    wt         weight
    w/v        % Weight in volume {Merck}
    w/w        % Weight in weight {Merck}

    Z          Glutamine or glutamic acid {Stryer}; Z-Value - the change in
               temperature needed to change TDT by a factor of 10.
    (Z)-       Zusammen (German for together) - or "Zame Zide" from my
               organic chemistry days :-) {Merck}


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